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In this regard, studying alterations in the gut microbiome in people living with both HIV and opioid use disorder (OUD) may reveal the mechanisms by which these conditions impact and are impacted by the microbial landscape of the gut. However, a paucity of studies has addressed the impact of coexisting HIV and OUD on the microbiome. This paper reviews prior studies characterizing the interplay of HIV, opioid use, and microbial imbalances, and explores