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Appropriate orthopedic force led to bone remodeling of mandibular condyle, while overloaded orthopedic force (OOF) induced condylar bone absorption. Bone absorption is ascribed to the imbalanced activities between osteoclasts (OCs) and osteoblasts (OBs), mechanism of which remains unclear. This study aimed to observe the condylar changes induced by OOF by mandible advancement appliance and to further investigate the role of mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTOR) and RANKL/OPG in osteoclastic differentiation of stem cells in vivo and in v