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We also confirmed elevated SMAD4 expression in OSA monocytes, and established intermittent hypoxia as a driver of SMAD4 upregulation and release, a process inherently involving NLRP3. In closing, the present research underscores the potential of sSMAD4 as a biomarker for the risk of atherosclerosis in patients with sleep apnea, offering fresh perspectives on the mechanisms contributing to its increased expression and subsequent extracellular s