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BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cell walls of peri-endodermis, a layer adjacent to the endodermis in alpine pennycress (Noccaea caerulescens) roots, form C-shaped peri-endodermal thickenings (PET). Despite its specific position close to the endodermis, assumed similarity of PET to phi thickenings in many other species, and fact that N. caerulescens is a well-studied heavy metals hyperaccumulating plant, PET as a root trait is still not understood. METHODS Here, we characterized PET cell walls by histochemical techniques, by Raman spectroscopy, immuno-labelling, and by