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05). Stimulation with TLR ligands (Pam3CSK4 and LPS) up-regulated the levels of TLR2, TLR4 and MyD88 in MDMs from patients with COPD and induced the release of IL-6 and TNF-α (P less then 0.05). Pretreatment of MDMs from patients with COPD with SFN significantly suppressed Pam3CSK4- or LPS-induced TLR2, TLR4 and MyD88 expression, along with a reduction in the production of IL-6 and TNF-α (P less then 0.05). Collectively, these data indicate that SFN exerts its anti-inflammatory activity in COPD by modulating the TLR pathway. SFN may re