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In addition, individual exposure of formaldehyde or PM2.5 increased oxidative stress, DNA damage and immune system disorder by destroying the balance of Th1/Th2, and Treg/Th17. DNA repair was markedly inhibited by deregulating the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Combined exposure to PM2.5 and formaldehyde led to more severe effects. Administration of Vitamin E (VE) was shown to attenuate these effects. In conclusion, our findings suggested that PM2.5 and formaldehyde may induce hematopoietic toxicity by reducing the expres