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Then, ERs (ERα and ERβ) inhibitors and ERα siRNA were also applied in confirming that the protective effect of catalpol was mediated by ERα, rather than ERβ. In conclusion, catalpol significantly inhibited macrophage polarization and prevented postmenopausal AS by increasing ERα expression.A genuine and functional lymphatic vascular system is found in the meninges that sheath the central nervous system (CNS). This unexpected (re)discovery led to a reevaluation of CNS fluid and solute drainage mechanisms, neuroimmune interactions and the in