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for 48h. An analysis of apoptosis, cell cycle dynamics, and cellular performance was undertaken. Evaluated were the gene expression levels of Nrf2 and its downstream antioxidant enzymes, including ERK1/2, and the AKT kinase signaling cascades. Co-treatment with zinc (Zn) and varying concentrations of cadmium (Cd), both subtoxic and toxic, led to a greater number of metabolically active stem cells (SCs) than cadmium exposu